November 15, 2021

The increase in Marijuana Use and the case for Saliva Testing

Third Party Administrators conduct drug testing for many corporations

Dr. Himanshu Bhatia, Founder & CEO Sept. 15, 2024

Marijuana legalization and the workplace

1 in 3 Americans now lives in a state with legal access to marijuana. (1) The legalization of recreational and medical cannabis has led to an increase in marijuana usage in the workplace, where 39% of recreational users admit to going to work “high” at least once per week. (2) In addition, the percentage of U.S. adults who report they smoke marijuana has more than doubled since 2013. (3) According to a Gallup poll data below, Americans reported 7% in 2013, and over 10 years reported that 15% in 2024 smoked cannabis. This increase in access puts employees and employers at greater risk. Studies show that individuals who test positive for marijuana have 55% more industrial accidents, as well as 85% more injuries and 75% more absenteeism. (4)

Americans Who Report Smoking Marijuana, 2013-2024 (Figure Courtesy of Gallup Link)

The current state of marijuana drug testing

Lab-based urine testing is the most popular employer drug testing method, with over 50 million urine-based drug tests for marijuana being conducted each year in the U.S. for pre-employment screening, after an accident or incident, under reasonable suspicion, or entirely at random. (5)

As far as employer drug testing policy goes, there are two main issues with lab-based urine marijuana drug tests – adulteration and the length of detection time in comparison to the window of impairment, which can result in false results as well as potential unfair termination of employees.

Adulteration, also referred to as cheating, is the major downside of employer urine tests. It is relatively easy to accomplish as taking samples is generally not supervised and can be altered by purchasing fake urine or using a clean sample from someone else. The adulteration issues are demonstrated by lower urine positivity rates for marijuana when compared to increasing positivity rates among saliva-based drug tests. In 2020, marijuana positivity increased only 16.1% for urine tests compared to 35% for saliva-based tests. (6)

The length of detection time compared to the window of impairment is another major issue for employers. The amount of time that marijuana is detected in urine from a drug test ranges from a few to 30 days. In contrast, the window of impairment (the length of time marijuana’s psychoactive properties affect the user and create a “high” which can last from 3 to 10 hours, according to the most recent Neuroscience & Behavioral Reviews study. (7)

This makes urine-based testing a problematic solution, especially in the 18 states that have legalized the recreational use of marijuana and creates a possibility for detecting the substance even well past the window of impairment, presenting an issue for companies with employer drug testing policies in place.

Why rapid saliva-based drug testing is the solution for employers

Rapid saliva-based marijuana drug testing can be conducted at any time or place, eliminating the need for an offsite facility and reducing the time employees lose at work. In addition, there is no wait time to schedule a lab test appointment and no 24- to 72-hour turnaround time for the results, which are immediate in the case of rapid drug testing.

Saliva-based testing also prevents adulteration or cheating, as noninvasive samples are taken directly from the individual’s mouth, which can be supervised throughout the procedure.

Furthermore, rapid marijuana drug testing can be conducted directly on-site or at a point of care, effectively preventing the use of synthetic samples or additives that can contaminate the samples, as is the case with urine testing. There are also no “shy bladder” issues or bathroom privacy concerns, which can be problematic.

Lastly, the length of detection time for saliva-based testing more closely matches the window of impairment for marijuana. Marijuana is detected in saliva for about 12 hours versus up to 30 days for urine, depending on the THC cut-off level. (8,9) This is the main difference for employers concerned with detecting recent use of marijuana and potential impairment and the key factor making rapid saliva-based testing the best option for employer drug testing amid marijuana legalization.

To learn more about cannabis testing options, please click the link to read the article, A Hybrid Approach for Employer Drug Testing to Elevate Safety & Retain Employees.